Page 1: Introduction to Building Healthy Soil
Page 2: Adding Organic Matter
Page 3: Improving the Soil

Introduction to Building Healthy Soil
Caring for the garden soil should be as important to home gardeners as it is to farmers. Improving the soil structure is one of the most important aspects of soil care, and adding organic matter is the most effective way to accomplish this. Organic matter also helps maintain the pH balance of the soil and adds nutrients. Good topsoil is relatively dark in color, active with microorganisms, plant nutrients, and organic matter, and usually has a pH between 5.5 and 7.5 (for non-acid loving plants).

Improving the Soil Structure
As the structure of a soil is made more granular and crumbly by decomposing organic matter, the soil absorbs moisture that would otherwise run off, causing erosion and a loss of nutrients in the process. Good soil structure provides channels through which water and air can filter to greater depths. When rain comes after a dry spell, soil that is hard on the surface is much more subject to rapid runoff and erosion than one that is loose and crumbly.

Organic matter in the soil also ensures a continuous food source for soil organisms. As the organisms decompose the organic materials, they help maintain good soil structure, making the soil a more favorable place for root development. The decomposition process improves the soil structure by developing compounds that cement small soil particles together into aggregates, allowing for both increased drainage and moisture retention. Decomposition also changes the organic matter into inorganic nutrients that can be used by growing plants. Incorporating organic matter aids in sustaining the organic content of the soil. However, organic matter cannot be built up permanently in the soil because it continually decomposes and disappears; soil building must be a continual process in the garden.

Testing Your Soil
The first step to improving your soil is to have your soil tested for pH and nutrient levels. Your local Extension agent can provide you with soil test forms and instructions. The soil test report will tell you whether your soil needs lime or nutrients or both. If the soil test recommends lime, apply it! Work the lime into the soil with a spade or a tiller to a depth of about 6 inches. Lime changes the pH balance of the soil, which is critical to absorption of nutrients by plants.

Next Page: Adding Organic Matter

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